COMMUNICATION

A.     Communications 

                 Communication is a process whereby a person or persons, groups , organizations and communities to create and use information in order to connect with other people or the environment. In general, communication is done verbally or verbally that can be understood by both parties. absence of language verbal that can be understood by both, communication can still be done using body gestures, showing certain attitudes, such as smiling, shaking his head, lifting shoulder. way is called communication with nonverbal language .  

B.     Process Communication

                 Communication process is how communicators deliver the message to communicant, so as to create a similarity between communicating with communicating meaning. Communication process is intended to create an effective communication (in accordance with the purpose of communication in general). Communication process, many through development. Communication process can occur when there is no interaction between humans and message delivery to establish communication motives .

1.      Internal Communications

           Internal communication is the communication that takes place within the scope of the organization or the environment occurring among members of the organization. Internal communication can be divided into 3 kinds:

a.       Vertical Communications

     Is information which lasted formally from a person in authority or a higher position to others who have a lower position.

For example  : command, reprimand, praise, etc..

b.      Communications lateral

     Is information that takes place between people who have the same position. Lateral communication tends to be less formal.

c.       Diagonal Communication

     Is information that takes place between people who are not superior or inferior to anyone else but different functional or inter led another section.

2.      external communication

           Is the communication that takes place between organizations or companies with existing community parties outside the organization or company. Communication with external parties to form:

a.       exposition, exhibition, promotion, and so on

b.      press conference

c.       broadcast television, radio and so on

d.      social activity, dedication to the community and so on.

C.     Communication Model

1.      Inter Personal Communication

           Is the process of sending and received messages between two people, or among a small group of people with some effects and some  feedback instantly.

2.      Inter-personal communication

           Interpersonal communication is communication that occurs when we are talking to ourselves like contemplating, planning, and assessment, in ourselves that form the foundations for the feedback, motivation and our communication with the people or the facto-factors in our environment .

3.      Communications In organization

           Organizational communication is sending and receiving the messages organizations in the formal and informal groups of an organization. Formal communication is communication that is approved by the organization itself and its nature-oriented interests of the organization. It read form the inner workings of the organization, productivity, and a variety of work to be done in the organization.

D.     Elements of Communication

a.    Resource

b.   Communicators

c.   Messages

d.   Channel

e.    Communications

f.     Effect 

PROMOTION PROGRAM

A. INFORMATIVE PROMOTION

Informative promotion is attempts to give information about the product, usually in an impressive sounding way. This is often used by the Government, for example to inform people of new laws. Management may need to make their audience aware that their product exists, and to explain exactly what it does. This is a particularly important objective for new products. Informative promotion aim to alert the market about a firms  products, especially new ones. It is commonly used when promoting existing product that have been updated.

*Inform (Informing), can be:
- Inform the market about the existence of a new product;
- Introducing a new way pemakaiah of a product;
- Delivering changes to the market price;
- Explaining the workings of a product;
- Inform the services provided by the company;
- Align the wrong impression;
- Reduce fears or concerns the buyer;
- Build corporate image.

B. PERSUASIVE PROMOTION

Persuasive promotion aim to encourage customer to make purchase, to switch from rival brands and to create loyalty for the product or brand. An important stage in creating favourable attitudes towards the business and its brands. Through persuasive promotion, management will seek persuade to customers and the trade that their brand has benefits that are superior to competitors. Promotional campaign to persuade called persuasive. Promotion persuade a critical stage of the competition in which the company's goal is to build selective demand for a brand. A number of persuasive campaign has stepped into the promotion category comparison, this campaign seeks to build their superiority through a specific comparison with one or more other brands in a product class.

*Persuade target customers (persuading) to:
- Establish brand choice;
- Forward to a particular brand choice;
- Changing customer perception of product attributes;
- To encourage buyers to shop on the spot;
- Encourage the buyer to receive a visit salesperson.

C. REMINDING PROMOTION

Reminding promotion is very important in the promotion stage of maturity of a product to maintain consumer perception about the product. Reminder promotion strongly associated with convincing, that is trying to convince buyers that they have done the right choice. reminder promotion are used to retain customer awareness and interest of an established product. If target customer already have positive attitude about a firms marketing mix, a reminder objective might be suitable. This object can be extremely important in some cases. Even though customers have been attracted and sold once, they are still targets for competitors appeals. Reminding them of their past satisfaction may keep them from shifting to a competitor. For example, Campbell realizes that most people know about its soup, so much of its advertising is intended to remind.

*Remind (reminding), may consist of:
- Remind buyers that the product concerned is needed in the near future;
- Remind the buyer will be the places that sell the company's products;
- Make buyers still remember even though no advertising campaign;
- Keeping the memory of the first buyer fell on the company's products.

• WHAT IS PROMOTION?

Promotion is one of the primary elements used in the marketing mix. Then, promotional efforts should work in harmony with product marketing, pricing and distribution action that target prospects and customers. When assembling a promotional plan, marketers typically employ one or more of the following five promotional subcategories : Personal Selling, Advertising, Sales Promotion, Direct Marketing, and Publicity. An activity designed to increase the demand for a good or service. For example, an advertising firms designed a promotion for a new hybrid vehicle being introduced by an automobile manufacturer. Any form of communication a business or organisation use to inform, persuade, or remind people about its product an improve its public images.

These communication tools serve as tactics within the promotional plan to accomplish objectives such as :

- Increasing Sales

- Launching new Products

- Creating and Building Brand Equity

- Establishing Market Positioning

- Retailing Against Competition

- Strengthening Brand Image

• WHAT IS SALES PROMOTION?

All marketing activities, over than personal selling, advertising and publicity, that are used to stimulate consumer purchasing and sales effectiveness. Sales promotion is the process of persuading a potential customer to buy the product. Sales promotion is designed to be used as a short-term tactic to boost sales-it is rarely suitable as a method of building long-term customer loyalty. Some sales promotions are aimed at consumer.Others are targeted at intermediaries and at the firms sales force.

There are many methods of sales promotion, including :

- Money of coupons – customers receive coupons, or cut coupons out of newspapers or a products packaging that enables them to buy the product next time at a reduced price.

- Competitions – buying the product will allow the customer to take part in a chance to win a prize.

- Discount vouchers – a voucher (like a money of coupon).

- Free gifts – a free product when buy another product.

- Point of sale materials – e.g. posters, display stands – ways of presenting the product in its best way or show the customer that the product is there.

- Loyalty cards – e.g. Nectar and Air Miles; where customers earn points for buying certain goods or shopping at certain retailers – that can later be exchanged for money, goods or other offers.

Objectives of Sales Promotion:

- Increase sales;

-  Inform customers about new products;

- Create a positive store or corporate image.

3 Characteristics on Sales Promotion:

- Short term activities;

- Offers some type of incentive;

- Can be successfully used in all channels of distribution.

• WHY DO WE NEED PROMOTION

Because a promotion very important, promotion is one of the primary elements used in the marketing mix. A promotion highly funcation as Discovery of the idea, Detailed Investigation, Assembling the proposition, Financing and Presentation of the Proposition. Product promotion  used to convince potential customers to buy products from it instead of from a competitor.

- Explains major features and benefits of its products;

- Tells where those products are sold;

- Advertises sales on those products;

- Answers customer questions;

- Introduces new products.

ASSET AND PAYABLE

English Course

1. ASSETS:

CURRENT ASSETS

A balance sheet item which equals the sum of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, inventory, marketable securities, prepaid expenses, and other assets that could be converted to cash in less than one year. A company's creditors will often be interested in how much that company has in current assets, since these assets can be easily liquidated in case the company goes bankrupt. Current assets in the accounting sense is the type of assets that can be used in the near term, usually one year. Examples of current assets include cash, accounts receivable, short-term investments, inventories, and prepaid expenses. On a balance sheet, assets are usually classified into current assets and non current assets. Comparison between current assets and current liabilities is referred to as the current ratio. This value is often used as a measure of the liquidity of a company, the company's ability to meet its short-term obligations.

FIXED ASSETS

All costs can be traced back to the fixed asset. To record the value of a fixed asset and for depreciation calculations, include all expenses involved in the acquisition of the fixed asset in the cost figure. These costs include items such as delivery expenses, import duties incurred on transportation, installation fees and any architect's fees. A fixed asset can be defined as a long-term tangible property piece owned by a firm and used for the purpose of income-generation. A fixed asset is not expected to be consumed or converted into cash before a time period of one year. Fixed assets are, sometimes, as a group, referred as “plant”. Some good examples of fixed assets include real estate, buildings, equipment, and furniture. However, intangible long-term assets like patents and trademarks are not treated as fixed assets but are referred as “fixed intangible assets”.

2. PAYABLE:

LONG-TERM DEBT

Long-term debts are financial obligations and loans lasting longer than one year. A company must report long-term debt on its balance sheet with its date of maturity and interest rate. 

Bonds and debt obligations with maturities greater than one year are examples of long-term debt. Other types of securities, including short-term notes and commercial papers usually are not long-term debt because their maturities typically are shorter than one year.

SHORT-TERM DEBT

An account shown in the current liabilities portion of a company's balance sheet. This account is comprised of any debt incurred by a company that is due within one year. The debt in this account is usually made up of short-term bank loans taken out by a company. The value of this account is very important when determining a company's financial health. If the account is larger than the company's cash and cash equivalents, this suggests that the company may be in poor financial health and does not have enough cash to pay off its short-term debts. Although short-term debts are due within a year, there may be a portion of the long-term debt included in this account. This portion pertains to payments that must be made on any long-term debt throughout the year.

KALIMAT INTERROGATIVE DAN NEGATIVE :

1. -Positive: This portion pertains to payments that must be make any long-term debt throughout the year.

    -Negative: This portion pertains to payment that doesn’t must be make any long-term debt throughout the year.

    -Interrogative: Does this pertain to payment that must be make any long-term debt throughout the year.

2. -Positive: Current assets in the accounting sense is the type of assets that can be used in the near term, usually one year.

    -Negative: Current assets in the accounting sense doesn’t the type of assets that can be used in the near term, usually one year.

    -Interrogative: Does current asset in the accounting sense the type of asset that can be used in the near term, usually one year.

3. -Positive: Assets are usually classified into current assets and non current assets.

    -Negative: Assets aren’t usually classified into current assets and non current assets.

    -Interrogative: Are assets usually classified into current assets and non current assets ?

4. -Positive: This value is often use as a measure of the liquidity of a company.

    -Negative: This value isn’t often use as a measure of the liquidity of a company.

    -Interrogative: Is this value is often use as a measure of the liquidity of a company ?

5. -Positive: All costs can be traced back to the fixed asset.

    -Negative: All cost doesn’t can be traced back to the fixed asset.

    -Interrogative: Does all cost can be traced back to the fixed asset ?

6. -Positive: To record the value of a fixed asset and for depreciation calculations.

    -Negative: To record doesn’t the value of a fixed asset and for depreciation calculations.

    -Interrogative: Does to record the value of a fixed asset and for depreciation calculations ?

7. -Positive: A fixed asset can be defined as a long-term tangible property piece owned by a firm and used for the purpose of income-generation.

    -Negative: A fixed asset doesn’t can be defined as a long-term tangible property piece owned by a firm and used for the purpose if income-generation.

    -Interrogative: Does a fixed asset can be defined as a long-term tangible property piece owned by a firm and used for the purpose of income-generation ?

8. -Positive: A fixed asset is not expected to be consumed or convert into cash before a time period of one year.

    -Negative: A fixed asset is expect to be consume or convert into cash before a time period of one year.

    -Interrogative: Is a fixed asset not expect to be consume or convert into cash before a time period of one year ?

9. -Positive: A company must report long-term debt on its balance sheet with its date of maturity and interest rate.

    -Negative: A company doesn’t must report long-term debt on its balance sheet with its date of maturity and interest rate.

    -Interrogative: Does a company must report long-term debt on its balance sheet with its date of maturity and interest rate ?

10. -Positive: The debt in this account is usually make of short-term bank loans taken out by a company.

     -Negative: The debt in this account isn’t usually make of short-term bank loans taken out by a company.

     -Interrogative: Is the debt in this account usually make of short-term bank loans taken out by a company ?